Contextualized Robot Navigation
نویسندگان
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 The Difficulty of Human-Robot Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 “Robotic Motion” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Prior Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Creating a Theory of Mind with Acting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4 Robot Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.1 The Robot Operating System ROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.2 Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.3 Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 Robots in Theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1 Robot Theatre Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Physical Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 The Chinese Room and The Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4 The Ontology of Robot Theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5 Practical Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 Theatre as an Implicit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.1 Non-contextual Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1.1 Viewpoints: A Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1.2 The Robot Acting Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1.3 Robots and Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.4 Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2 Contextualized Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.1 Composition of Forgiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2.3 Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.3 Theatre as a Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3.1 Three Act Structure for Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ii 3.4 Conclusions from Theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4.1 Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4 The State of Contextualized Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1 ROS Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.1.1 Why ROS Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.1.2 Algorithmic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.2 Navigation in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.3 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5 Towards More Efficient Navigation for Robots and Humans . . . . . . . . 54 5.1 Improving Navigation Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5.2 System Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2.1 Lasers for People Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2.2 Gaze Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2.3 Socially Aware Costmaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.3 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.3.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.3.2 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.4.1 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6 Tuning Cost Functions for Social Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.2 Mathematical Properties of Gaussian Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.2.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.3 Results from Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.4 Results using ROS Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 6.5 Tuning in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 7 Layered Costmaps for Context-Sensitive Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 7.1 The Monolithic Costmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 7.2 Layered Costmaps Data Structure and Update Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 86 7.3 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 7.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 7.4.1 Problems with the Previous Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.4.2 Layered Costmap Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 7.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 8 Layers in the Costmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8.1 Standard Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
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